Impact of Carbon (c) cycle,Nitrogen(N) cycle,Water(H20) cycle,Posporous(P) cycle,for Green Rvolution (.ppt or PDF)

All matter cycles...it is neither created nor destroyed...
As the Earth is basically a closed system with respect to matter, we are able to say that every one matter on Earth cycles .

Bio-geochemical cycles: the movement (or cycling) of matter through a system

by matter we tend to mean: parts (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen) or molecules (water) that the movement of matter (for example carbon) between these elements of the system is, practically speaking, a bio-geochemical cycle

The Cycling Elements: macro-nutrients : needed in comparatively giant amounts "big six":
    carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen , phosphorous sulfur

other macro-nutrients:
potassium , calcium , iron , magnesium micro-nutrients : needed in terribly little amounts, (but still necessary) boron (green plants) copper (some enzymes) molybdenum (nitrogen-fixing bacteria)

Generalized Bio-geochemical Cycle:

Four of the foremost necessary are:
The nitrogen cycle
The oxygen cycle
The phosphorus cycle
The carbon cycle

The circulation of chemicals in these bio-geochemical cycles and interactions between cycles are essential for the upkeep of terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. international climate modification, temperature, precipitation and ecosystem stability are all dependent upon bio-geochemical cycles

Nitrogen is important to any or all living systems: Eighty p.c of Earth's atmosphere is formed from nitrogen in its gas part.

Atmospheric nitrogen becomes a part of living organisms in 2 ways:
through bacteria within the soil that kind nitrates out of nitrogen within the air.
through lightning. throughout electrical storms, giant amounts of nitrogen are oxidized and united with water to provide an acid that falls to Earth in rainfall and deposits nitrates within the soil.
Plants take up the nitrates and convert them to proteins that travel up the food chain through herbivores and carnivores.

When organisms excrete waste, the nitrogen is released back to the surroundings. after they die and decompose, the nitrogen is attenuated and converted to ammonia.
Nitrates may additionally  be converted to gaseous nitrogen through a method referred to as denitrification and came back to the atmosphere, continuing the cycle.

Human impacts:
by artificial nitrogen fertilization (through the Haber method, using energy from fossil fuels to convert N2 to ammonia gas (NH3) and planting of nitrogen fixing crops (Vitousek et al., 1997).
transfer of nitrogen trace gases (N2O) to the atmosphere via agricultural fertilization, biomass burning, cattle and feedlots, and different industrial sources (Chapin et al. 2002). N2O within the stratosphere breaks down and acts as a catalyst within the destruction of atmospheric ozone.
NH3 within the atmosphere has tripled because the results of human activities. It acts as an aerosol, decreasing air quality and clinging on to water droplets (acid rain).

Fossil fuel combustion has contributed to a half-dozen or seven fold increase in NOx flux to the atmosphere. NO alters atmospheric chemistry, and may be a precursor of tropospheric (lower atmosphere) ozone production, that contributes to smog, acid rain, and will increase nitrogen inputs to ecosystems (Smil, 2000).
Ecosystem processes will increase with nitrogen fertilization, however anthropogenic input may lead to nitrogen saturation, that weakens productivity and may kill plants (Vitousek et al., 1997) → algae blooms.
Decreases in biodiversity each over land and within the ocean may end up if higher nitrogen availability will increase nitrogen-demanding species (Aerts and Berendse 1988).


    Plants use the energy of daylight to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen via photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
    Photosynthesizing organisms embrace the flowers of the land areas also because the phytoplankton of the oceans. the little marine cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus was discovered in 1986 and accounts for quite 1/2 the photosynthesis of the open ocean.
    Animals kind the opposite 1/2 the oxygen cycle inhaling oxygen used to interrupt carbohydrates down into energy during a method referred to as respiration.
O2 + carbohydrates → CO2 + H2O + energy

The phosphorus cycle describes the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. The atmosphere doesn't play a major role, as a result of phosphorus and phosphorus-based compounds are typically solids at the standard ranges of temperature and pressure found on Earth.
Phosphorus normally happens in nature as a part of a phosphate ion, consisting of a phosphorus atom and a few range of oxygen atoms, the foremost abundant kind (called orthophosphate) having four oxygens: PO43-. Most phosphates are found as salts in ocean sediments or in rocks. Over time, geologic processes will bring ocean sediments to land, and weathering can carry terrestrial phosphates back to the ocean.

Plants absorb phosphates from the soil and phosphate enters the food chain. once death, the animal or plant decays, and therefore the phosphates are came back to the soil. Runoff could carry them back to the ocean or they'll be reincorporated into rock.
The primary biological importance of phosphates is as a part of nucleotides, that function energy storage among cells (ATP) or when linked along, kind the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. Phosphorus is additionally found in bones, and in phospholipids (found in all biological membranes).
Phosphates move quickly through plants and animals; but, the processes that move them through the soil or ocean are terribly slow, creating the phosphorus cycle overall one amongst the slowest bio-geochemical cycles.

Human influence:
    Artificial fertilizers and different wastes not absorbed by plants largely enter the groundwater and collect in streams, lakes and ponds. the additional phosphates are a significant contributor to the method referred to as eutrophication, that causes excessive growth of water plants and algae populations and subsequent depletion of dissolved oxygen doubtless suffocating fish and different aquatic fauna.

Usually thought of as four major reservoirs of carbon (the atmosphere, the terrestrial biosphere - which incorporates freshwater systems and non-living organic material, like soil carbon -, the oceans with dissolved inorganic carbon and living and non-living marine biota, and therefore the sediments which incorporates fossil fuels) interconnected by pathways of exchange.
The exchanges between reservoirs, occur attributable to varied chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes. The ocean contains the most important active pool of carbon close to the surface of the world, however the deep ocean a part of this pool doesn't rapidly exchange with the atmosphere.

The global carbon budget is that the balance of the exchanges (incomes and losses) of carbon between the carbon reservoirs or between one specific loop (e.g., atmosphere - biosphere) of the carbon cycle.
IN THE OCEAN:
The seas contain around 36000 giga tonnes of carbon, largely within the kind of bicarbonate ion. Inorganic carbon, that's carbon compounds with no carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds, is very important in its reactions among water. This carbon exchange becomes necessary in controlling pH within the ocean and may conjointly vary as a supply or sink for carbon.

Carbon is quickly exchanged between the atmosphere and ocean. In regions of oceanic upwelling, carbon is released to the atmosphere. Conversely, regions of down-welling transfer carbon (CO2) from the atmosphere to the ocean. When CO2 enters the ocean, carbonic acid is formed:
CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3
This reaction includes a forward and reverse rate, that's it achieves a chemical equilibrium. Another reaction necessary in controlling oceanic pH levels is that the unharness of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate. This reaction controls giant changes in pH:
H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO3−